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Critical Infrastructure Protection Essay

The crucial the Department of Homeland Security is stop demonstrations of psychological oppressor inside the United States, not have the United States be powerless against fear based oppressor assaults, and diminish the harm to the United States if there would be a fear monger assault. Since this division initiation in 2003, the Department of Homeland Security has a part set up to help its crucial has been an individual from the U.S. Insight Community. In July of 2005, the DHS was rearranged and called the Second Stage Review or â€Å"2SR†. The previous Secretary of DHS, Michael Chertoff, started a fortified office of Intelligence and Analysis (I&A) and made the Assistant Secretary for Information Analysis the Chief Executive Officer for that office. He likewise entrusted I&A with guaranteeing that insight is facilitated, intertwined, and broke down inside the Department to give a typical operational picture; give an essential association among DHS and the IC in genera l; and to go about as an essential wellspring of data for state, neighborhood and private division accomplices. The Homeland Security Act of 2002, alloted the first DHS insight componentâ€the Directorate of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protectionâ€with obligation to get, break down, and incorporate law requirement and knowledge data all together to†â€Å"(A) distinguish and survey the nature and extent of fear monger dangers to the country; (B) recognize and recognize dangers of psychological oppression against the United States; and (C) see such dangers considering real and potential vulnerabilities of the homeland.† Congress likewise focused on data sharing of the new DHS insight association, requiring it â€Å"to disperse, as suitable, data examined by the Department inside the Department, to different organizations of the Federal government with duties identified with country security, and to offices of State and nearby government and private part elements, with such obligations inâ order to aid the discouragement, anticipation, seizure of, or reaction to, ps ychological militant assaults against the United States (Randol, 2010)†. A basic framework is characterized as any office, framework, or capacity which gives the establishment to national security, administration, financial essentialness, notoriety, and lifestyle. To put it plainly, basic foundation is by definition fundamental for the endurance of the country. The US Patriot Act characterizes it as â€Å"systems and resources, regardless of whether physical or virtual, so indispensable to the United States that the inadequacy or annihilation of such frameworks and resources would debilitatingly affect security, national monetary security, national general wellbeing or security, or any blend of those matters.† FEMA characterizes basic foundation as â€Å"personnel, physical resources, and correspondence (digital) frameworks that must be unblemished and operational 24x7x365 so as to guarantee survivability, coherence of activities, and mission achievement, or as it were, the basic individuals, hardware, and frameworks expected to prevent or moderat e the cataclysmic aftereffects of disasters.† Basic Infrastructure Protection (CIP) comprises of every single proactive movement to ensure crucial individuals, physical resources, and frameworks (particularly interchanges or digital frameworks) which are guided by a methodical and solid dynamic procedure which helps pioneers to decide precisely what needs assurance, where, and how. It is proactive in a similar sense that moderation in crisis the board is proactive and goes past ordinary security, guarded stances. The essential strides of CIP comprise of: distinguishing the basic foundations, deciding the dangers against those frameworks, breaking down the vulnerabilities of undermined foundations, surveying the dangers of corruption or loss of a basic framework, and applying countermeasures where hazard is unsuitable (â€Å"The Safety†, 2014). Inside the Department of Defense, a smoothed out order and control structure and development of the digital power in size and abilities, including hostile capacities, are required t o viably work just as to give some hindrance to assault. Then, lawful code for cybersecurity has not stayed up with mechanical turns of events. Far reaching cybersecurity enactment is requiredâ€beginning with compulsory support of basic framework proprietors and administrators in government data sharing projects in a way that joins suitable shields for industry obligation and resident privacyâ€in request to completelyâ bridge the present open private division of duties regarding aggregate barrier. Cybersecurity has become a key issue for the organization and for sure for the country over the most recent quite a long while despite the fact that worry for the honesty of Critical Infrastructure (CI) capacities was clear during the 1990s. For CI, which incorporates a scope of touchy information and performs significant capacities that help the wellbeing, security, and financial essentialness of our advanced country, the development of organized associations in the internet has implied the acquaintance of new danger vectors with framewor ks that were not intended to safely interface with today’s Internet. Since improving the cybersecurity of CI includes such an enormous assortment of work, generally disseminated across government and private segment elements, solidarity of exertion is hard to accomplish. President Obama concedes that â€Å"when it comes to cybersecurity, government organizations have covering missions and don’t facilitate and impart almost just as they ought to †with one another or with the private area (La Bash and Landis, 2013)† The vulnerabilities that should concern IS experts who secure the U.S.’s basic foundation isn't having a framework that would instruct them regarding current, present, and future vulnerabilities. An arrangement of this would have the option to inform you regarding early markers of defenselessness In request to achieve this errand, a review of all activities ought to be attempted. The overview ought to include: General Administrative Information, Management Awareness and Control Programs, Identification of Hazards/Potential ascents; and Business Characterization. A definitive advantages to be picked up from this kind of overview are as far as recognizing zones needing consideration, building up a rundown of potential emergency circumstances, figuring out what duties your association is OK with and recording current endeavors. When the overview program has been created and executed, it must be assessed and stayed up with the latest. This can be practiced by checking on genuine reactions and by directing a nitty gritty review of every component of the business. The review program is the underlying advance, toward diminishing powerlessness. Next, you should compose the activity. The administration fasten is basic to this procedure. You should guarantee that all degrees of the executives become some portion of the program. (Sikich, 1998). Make a ranking director l egitimately dependable to top administration and the directorate. The conventional task of a ranking director to the situation of â€Å"Crisis Management Projects, Director,† or some other suitable title, can achieve the underlying segment of this thing. Put in a safe spot explicit time for writes about emergency the board readiness issues. This can be cultivated by setting up a plan for ranking staff and leading body of executive gatherings that incorporates a conversation of emergency the executives readiness as a required thing. You need to give it more than empty talk however. Additionally, you should make the conversation meaningful. Give more than the dull and tiring measurements on reportable mishaps, and so forth. Impart consistence through all degrees of the association through organization approach and systems. This can be practiced through conventional selection of approach at the most significant levels of the organization. The Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act, was presented last June by Sen. Joseph Lieberman (I-Conn.) and modified in December by the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. It requires the development of a National Center for Cybersecurity and Communications (NCCC) inside the U.S. Branch of Homeland Security (DHS) that would be liable for ensuring both government PC systems and basic framework claimed by the private area against digital assaults. In spite of the fact that the White House as of now has expansive wartime powers, making parts of the proposed demonstration excess, resistance to the bill has fixated on its arrangement to give the government the position to characterize what is implied by â€Å"critical infrastructure.† According to the bill the administration can â€Å"take measures to ensure any PC framework whose demolition or disturbance of solid activity would cause national or provincial disastrous effects.† This could incorporate removing the framework from the Internet. Proprietors of offices marked as basic framework would be told when this assignment is made. A proprietor could offer this assignment in any case, as the bill is as of now composed, the legislature would settle on an official conclusion to detach, which isn't dependent upon legal survey (Greenemeier, 2011). References Greenemeier, L. (2011). What is the Best Way to Protect U.S. Basic Infrastructure from a Cyber Attack? Recovered from http://www.scientificamerican.com La Bash, M. what's more, Landis, C. (2013, August). Legitimate, Policy, and Organizational Impedients to the Protection of Critical Infrastructure from Cyber Threats. Recovered from http://www.cmu.edu/mits/documents/mits2-paths.com Randol, M. (2010, March). The Department of Homeland Security Intelligence Enterprise: Oper-Rational Overview and Oversight Challenges for Congress. Recovered from http://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R40602.pdf Sikich, G. (1998). Basic InfrastructureVulnerability. Recovered from http://www.disaster-resour

Research Topics Example

Research Topics Example Research Topics â€" Essay Example > An Analysis of Competitive Advantage in the UK e Company By submission Introduction OUTSURGE is an e cigarette technology- led global company that was born out of a passion for innovative technology, design and quality products. The company aspires to research and build up an extensive collection of cutting edge goods that confront the standard in industry and assist consumers all over the world achieve more and get satisfaction. The company is currently facing huge competition from large organizations already established in the country. The major competitor being the e SHISHA Company the largely dominates the market share. E OUTSURGE beginning a small starting enterprise it is experiencing a lot of hindrances to penetration into the market by this the frustrations of barriers of entry by large organizations such as the e SHISHA. With the headquarters in the UK and growing links in various countries the main aim is to be accessible to as many people as possible around the world. To achieving this, the company has to grow its business and reflect positivity to customers, shareholders and society through our products. Being a customer-centered company, the company is determined to build outstanding products as compared to other products already exciting in the market. This will be achieved through research and using new technological equipments. By making sure synergy among various departments, the company is continuously determined to generate a stupendous portfolio of products for all customers. The demand for telecommunication services has increased rapidly during the last decade, particularly in the areas of mobile phone; with increased competition in the industry companies must identify a strategy to ensure survival in the market as well as the control of the market share. This global demand is very much triggered by the globalization of business operations across all industries, and the associated with it labor, capital and resource mobility. At national level the increasing demand for information and communication services comes along with changes in life style and living standards of peop le Literature review How can OUTSARGE an e cigarette company enter into an already saturated market? OBJECTIVES This paper aims at exploring the identifiable advantages that are associated with diversifying production. Benefits realized by an organization implementing competitive advantage strategy. This proposal will also seek to analyze the competitive advantage in the UK mobile phone industry. Also the paper will seek to know how an e cigarette company can successfully enter into an already saturated market like the example of the UK market which is fully saturated with such business. The principal oblige for growth and development in the mobile phones and the information technology industry is coupled with the rapidity of new technology execution, which diversifies the market potential by introducing new services, and up bringing new capabilities to major players, as well as reducing their costs. Further factors affecting the antagonism and growth in the industry are de-regulation and privatization, and government efforts to change the monopoly position of the industry. In order to effectively analyze the competitive analysis in the UK mobile industry, we will appreciate the contribution of Michael porter theory of competitive advantage. In 1980 Michael Porter came up with a practical model of rivalry, based on economic principles. Porter's research on industrial groups uncovered five determinants of long-term industry profitability (Porter, 1985). First is the character of rivalry among competing companies in the industry. This is brought about by companies trying to secure the market share for the largely produced product or service for a small market. OUTSARGE will look forward to establish means to secure its market share through provision of high quality goods. Secondly is fear of additional entry. If there are substantial barriers to entry, the companies in the industry will do better than if the barriers are weak. The e cigarette market in the UK is largely dominated by huge investments companies like the e SHISHA and thus the companies crea te a great barrier for small companies entering the market like OUTSURGE. Another factor is the risk of existence of substituting products or services. If customers have numerous alternatives from which to choose, the industry's profitability decreases (Rothaermel, 2001b), to be able to survive the harsh competition in the industry e OUTSURGE looks forward to diversifying its products market. The e SHISHA Company offers delivery services that new and small companies entering the market may not be able to offer. The other factors are the bargaining power of suppliers and buyers. When suppliers are able to alter the price of the firms input by dictating the prices, it becomes difficult for small upcoming companies to penetrate the market, When buyers have the capacity to determine the product prices or even order of extra services, from the producer it becomes difficult for the firm to increase and sustain its profitability expectations. Large establishments like the SHISHA may be in a position to offer these services such as delivery of goods. This is because the company is already stable. In order to gain competitive advantage in its marketing strategies in the mobile phone industry in UK, OUTSURGE must consider undertaking the following steps; Identify the target market and distinguish it by socioeconomic, demographic, and common characteristics or individual needs that make them the potential customers for the product. Identify other businesses that are going after the same target group. Identify what is different with these companies from our company. Use competitors as learning tools by assessing their business models and imitate their strengths while using their weaknesses to advantage the company. Gain custo mers perception about the company’s product knowledge and carry out necessary improvements. In some cases, the company’s ability to manipulate hurdles to enter and compete in its market becomes an effective tool against new competition, further entrenching the business and preserving its profit potential for the foreseeable future (Caves Porter 1977). Once you’ve gained a competitive advantage, your work is far from complete. Constantly maintain your competitive advantage is essential to achieve the set objectives of the firm. You can maintain your competitive advantage by predicting future trends in your industry, constantly researching and monitoring your competitors, and adapting to your customer’s wants and needs (Barney 1991). Conclusion To achieve competitive advantage and maintain the control of the mobile phone industry OUTSURGE has to put in place SMART marketing strategy. Diversify the market with the current trend of rise in levels of technology. This will ensure that the company is able to survive in the highly competitive industry. References Barney, J 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 99â€"120. Caves, R., Porter, M E 1977. From entry barriers to mobility barriers, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 91 (2), 241â€"262, Drucker, R1994. The theory of business. Harvard Business Review, 75 (Septemberâ€"October), 95â€"105. Porter, M 1985. Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance, New York: Free Press. Porter, G 1996. What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 77 (Novemberâ€"December), 61â€"78. Rothaermel, T 2001a. Incumbent’s advantage through exploiting complementary assets via inter-firm cooperation Strategic, Management Journal, 22 (6â€"7), 687â€"699. Rothaermel, T 2001b, Complementary assets, strategic alliances, and the incumbent’s advantage: An empirical study of industry and firm effects in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research Policy, 30 (8),

Same Sex Marriage. The Possibility Of Marriage Is Something

Same Sex Marriage The possibility of marriage is something that is offered to us and something that we anticipate as far back as when we were kids. Marriage is a blissful opportunity that all lovers should be able to experience. Everything changes eventually, and this includes marriage. The thought of marriage should not be categorized to only be between a man and a woman, it should be looked at as the union between two lovers regardless the gender. Homosexuals should have the right to wed just like heterosexuals. Denying all individuals equal rights is injustice. Same sex marriage has no effect on anyone’s lives except their own, so homosexuals wanting to wed shouldn’t be the big controversial issue that it is today. Homosexuals not only†¦show more content†¦As time went on, the concept of marriage has evolved a lot through each era and each culture. Marriage began in the Stone Age as a way of organizing and controlling sexual conduct and providing a stable st ructure for child-rearing and the tasks of daily life. In ancient times marriage was used to secure a safe environment in which to breed, handle the granting of property rights, and protect bloodlines. According to the ancient Hebrew law, a man was required to become the husband of a deceased brother s widow. Throughout the cultures around the world then and now marriage contrasted. Some cultures viewed the institution as endogamous (men were required to marry within their own social group, family, clan, or tribe), exogamous (marrying outside the geographical region or social group) or polygamous (allowing men to take more than one bride). For the Anglo-Saxons and Britain s early tribal groups, marriage was all about relationships - just not in the modern sense. â€Å"The Anglo-Saxons saw marriage as a strategic tool to establish diplomatic and trade ties†, says Stephanie Coontz, author of Marriage, A History: How Love Conquered Marriage. During the 11th Century, marriage was about securing an economic or political advantage. The wishes of the married couple and their consent was of little importance. As early as the 12th Century, Roman Catholic theologians and writers referred toShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Will Harm Children Essay1227 Words   |  5 PagesThe Supreme Court of the United States recently ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Yet, same-sex marriage continues to be a highly debated issue. If same-sex couples are allowed to marry they will hurt heterosexuals. If they are denied this right, then they are hurt. If it is something we have to recognize is that marrying same-sex persons represents itself as a social experiment that never has been experimented, including by societies that fomented the homosexualityRead MoreSame Sex, Same Rights992 Words   |  4 PagesSame Sex, Same Rights The sexual preference of people should not determine their acceptance in society. People should be open to understand the union of two individuals of the same sex. The term of marriage has changed over time. What historically was conceived as a man and a woman union should not restrain people from adapting this concept. Many people believe that the marriage between two same-sex couples is not natural. Marriage should be based on love, regardless of sex, color or religion. MarriageRead MoreSame Sex Marriage1185 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage is a coming together for better or for worse, hopefully enduring, and intimate to the degree of being sacred. It is an association that promotes a way of life, not causes; a harmony in living, not political faiths; a bilateral loyalty, not commercial or social projects.† (U.S. Supreme Court). Marriage has been defined as a religious legal commitment between a man and woman, as well as an expression of love. Homosexuals have not been allowed to partake in these commitments and the risingRead MoreGay Marriage And The Right Of Same Sex Marriage1387 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy regarding the right of same-sex marriage. I decided to explore the views of two different authors who contrast each other. British Author, Andrew Sullivan writes the essay, â€Å"For Gay Marriage† about equal rights on marriages for same-sex couples. William J. Bennett composes the essay, â€Å"Against Gay Marriage† giving his views on why couples of the same sex should not be allowed to engage in marital relations. Sullivan supports the idea of gay marriages while Bennett opposes the idea. ReferringRead MoreMarriage Practices And Beliefs Have Changed Tremendously1738 Words   |  7 PagesToday, marriage practices and beliefs have changed tremendously. Many years ago, the traditional marriage would have been between a man and a woman. But what is tradition now a days? So much has changed from back then and now. When it comes t o marriage, all cultures have their own rituals and beliefs, and respect and honor those beliefs. Marriage is defiantly viewed differently depending on where you live and differs all over the entire world. In this research paper you will hear about marriageRead MoreCohabitation Between Cohabitation And Cohabitation Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesCohabitation refers to an unmarried couple who live together. Living together before marriage is no longer taboo, instead it has become an accepted and expected milestone of adulthood. Cohabitation isn’t a new phenomenon, in fact it became prevalent in the 1970s due to the sexual revolution and the access of birth control. It has become increasingly prevalent over the past three decades. A total of 4.9 million households consisted of heterosexual cohabiting couples in 2000 (Sassler, 2007). TheRead MoreMargaret Marshall The Chief Juice Of The Supreme Judicial Court1062 Words   |  5 PagesJudicial Court argues marriage is a vital institution, the commitment should be between two people who offer mutual support to children, and to bring stability to our society. Marriage provides legal, financial, and social benefits. Which leads to legal, social, and financial obligations. The department of health states the purpose of marriage is to have children, the state is only interested if children are involved. She believes the court is downgrading marriage gay marriage for no rational reasonRead More Argument Supporting Gay Marriage Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pages2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Marriage is defined as a sacred bond of love between two people. Gay people also feel love therefore, they should be allowed the same rights as everyone else in this country. Homosexuality is an accepted lifestyle nowadays with a proven biological causation. The only thing that should matter in marriage is love and denying them this is a violati on of religious freedom. According toRead More Gay Marriage Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pages Gay Marriage There seem to be Specific time in history where certain issues define the culture tension in a society. They become representative of large worldview and clearly emphasize the battle between divergent moral and spiritual perspectives. Homosexual marriage in the United States is one of these issues. In the past five years, there have been various threats and debates about the possibility of legalizing homosexual union. The issue took centre stage in February largely. The U.S SenateRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Should Be Legal1533 Words   |  7 Pages Homosexual Marriage Not too long ago, homosexual man and woman were victims of physical and verbal violence. Just because they were born with a different preference, they were insulted, discriminated, beaten and isolated from society. They were the ones being shamed for what they were, and made to believe that what they felt towards another individual was morally wrong and against humanity. Over the past decades same-sex relations were never considered, until same-sex marriage was approved as

America s Need For Black Gold - 1221 Words

Joseph Brickey Elizabeth Hantack Pre-AP English II 24 February 2017 America’s Need for Black Gold In 1973, in the wake of conflict in the Middle East, US drivers were feeling the repercussions with every gallon of gasoline and oil that they consumed. The members of OPEC placed an oil embargo on the US and several other nations because of their aid to the Israeli military. This embargo greatly pressured the US, who was highly dependent on foreign oil. In the aftermath of this crisis, President Nixon called for the increased energy production to avoid this problem in the future. Yet, in this present day, the United States faces a similar, although not as extreme, situation. Measures must be made to make the United States energy independent.†¦show more content†¦As of 2015, US natural gas proved reserves totalled 324.3 tcfg. The US produces 28.8 mmcfg (million million cubic feet of gas) each year (4). With unrestricted drilling of new sites, totalling 723 tcfg, the US could significantly increase its natural gas production per year in th e next 10-20 years (5). Body Paragraph 2 Domestic Production would create many jobs for citizens in rural communities Construction, alone, of the Keystone Pipeline will generate 42,000 jobs (2). As of January 2017, US oil and natural gas companies have employed 177,000 to produce, refine, and distribute oil products. By 2024, experts project the number to rise to 220,000, an almost 25% increase. Oil and natural gas companies hoping to drill unconfirmed sites in the United States will need to employ more and more people. (6). Hydrofracking and drilling are dangerous practices that could endanger the environment and workers. The US Department of Labor has recorded a steady decrease of work-related injuries and fatalities since 2012 and as of 2014, 120 work related fatalities have been recorded, 38% lower than 2013 (6). This decline in fatalities can be attributed to several factors, safer equipment, more safety regulations, etc. A new fracturing fluid used in the fracking process has been developed byShow MoreRelatedAfrican Culture : Africa Is A Mystery1378 Words   |  6 PagesMediterranean Sea and Europe with the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. For most people, Africa is a mystery, a dream, a place often gives people unlimited reveries. where the dense lush tropical rainforest, the world s most vast expanse of the Sahara, there is quaint rough customs, as well as their rich flavor food. To me, before I really search African, I thought that the African countries are poor, are behind the modern. And when I searched the African culture, oneRead MoreLynching, Frederic Douglas and Black Women in Society1376 Words   |  5 PagesCan’t believe it’s already over. I know I didn’t say much but I can honestly say I’m grateful and I really enjoyed this class. 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After Black Elk got the gifts he was taughtRead MoreSummary Of Ellen Degeneres Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesOn her award-winning talk show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Ellen talks with an eight-year-old boy, Demarjay Smith, whose dream is to become a personal trainer and to beat the Olympic Gold Medalist, Usain Bolt, in a race. Usain Bolt surprises Demarjay on the show and agrees to race him. Usain Bolt loses intentionally. The Olympics are a time for joy and celebration throughout a country; but after one post, this jovial time turned into something serious. Ellen DeGeneres, posted on twitter a â€Å"funny†Read MoreFree trade and Agriculture in the Global South 1491 Words   |  6 Pageswhile confirming Tony Weis argument that trade liberalization has entrenched an uneven playing field that disadvantages small farmers in developing countries. 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Chinese Typography Study Free Essays

string(59) " marks and geometrical structure should not be overlooked\." Typography in Publication Design Chinese Typography Study Training for cultural awareness and sustainability Choi Chi Kit Jackson, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, ckchoi@vtc. edu. uk Monica Chiu, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, monchiu@vtc. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Typography Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now edu. hk Sylvia To, Hong Kong Design Institute, Hong Kong, sylviato@vtc. edu. hk Abstract: This paper aims to present the unique quality of Chinese letterforms characters, and to discuss our approach of teaching Chinese typography as a tool of nurturing cultural awareness and sustainability. Through in-depth research of traditional literature, study the philosophy from past, examine the visual symbols and tangible artifacts in the surrounding at present-day to enable students’ to translate and transform the materials into experimental typographic designs for modern communication. We believed that this is a good method for our future creative talents to engage with traditional value and essence sustainability through typography design practice. Key words: cultural awareness, Chinese aesthetics, letterform appreciation, iconic architectural elements, pictogram, philosophy, cultural identity . Introduction Movable types have contributed a major way of communication since the invention of printing. Today, the existence of digital media has drove typography design to a formulaic nature. For Chinese typography, the unique human philosophy contained in writing system enriched our life and soul since it’s developed by ancestors and scholars. However, the reliance o f digital media made this distinctive philosophy being disregarded by many design students in Hong Kong. Since ancient time, human civilization reflected and recorded cognition towards their living environment by direct imitation to produce imagery or drawings, for example cave paintings, monumental carving and primitive written symbols. However the direct copying of objects and forms had its limitation when it came to abstract association of ideologies. During civilization development, languages were formulated and gradually migrated into two different streams: one headed to the direction replacing pictographs with phonetic system all together. Pictographs were soon replaced by alphabets; which the meaning of words were constructed by combinations of different sound, later developed into language system with enormous amount of words. Another different direction was extension from pictograph with phonetic component and the additional association from pictographs. The former was well adopted by western world to become roman alphabets whereas the latter was Chinese characters for Chinese culture. AaBbCcDdEeFfGg Chinese typography constituted a major way of communication for literature and culture sustain. Unlike roman alphabets, the meaning of Chinese characters comes with the unique combination of ancestor’s artifacts, activities, space and sounds in daily life. Even though the representation of Chinese letterforms changed according to human civilization, this unique way of writing system ( Kanzi) still transmit in today’s Chinese characters since oracle bone script been found. Horse ? Herd ? Despite the changes and amendment made along the rise and fall of dynasties, Chinese written language is basically retained with the same ancient artifacts and literature and still in used today. In some sense, we are communicating with our ancestors. ? In this paper we discuss the nature and characteristics of Chinese writing system with the approach of training aims to revitalize this cultural philosophy on contemporary Chinese typography. 2. Design Principles of Chinese Character 2. 1 Traditional Chinese culture in modern design context Chinese arts and crafts development reached its peak as early as Han Dynasty (206 B. C. – 8 A. D. ). Lots of documents have been found such as the Kaogong ji (1) that llustrated and stated rules and dimensions for architecture and decorative ornaments. These information was however more inclined to the technical aspects of construction and production rather than the design principles and thinking in a modern context. Pages extract from Kaogong ji The closest attempt to design theory and thinking seems to be embedded in the deepest roots of Chinese culture when our ancestors tried to create the primitive form of communication, the C hinese letterforms. This can be trace in the six categories of Chinese Characters, the ‘liushu ’. 2. Generation of Chinese characters Chinese characters evolved basically from pictographs that represent objects, actions, events and sounds since 5000BC. This is distinctive from roman alphabets which the meaning of words comes from a combination of alphabets but not from one single alphabet. Every Chinese character has its own meaning, or even more than one. Various types of character were first classified systematically in Han Dynasty, around 100 AD by the Chinese linguist Xu Shen , whose etymological dictionary ‘Explaining Simple and Analyzing Compound Characters, Shuowen Jiezi, divides the script into six categories, the ‘liushu’. 1. Pictographs ( xiangxingzi) 2. Pictophonetic compounds ( , Xingshengzi) 3. Indicative Characters / Ideograph ( , zh shizi) 4. Associative Characters / Logical aggregates ( , Huiyizi) 5. Associate Transformation ( , Zhu nzhuzi) 6. Borrowing ( , Ji jiezi) We have approximately over 60,000 Chinese characters. Although some strokes were simplified or lost occasionally in the past, Chinese characters are basically is in its stable structure since Qin Dynasty. (2) The 6 categories of Chinese Character (‘liushu’) mention here is an extreme important knowledge for Chinese for maximizing our communication possibility, to serve as guideline for new letterform creation in coherent logic; this can be discussed as similar as western design principles. 3. Chinese Typography Training Today, we are constantly bombarded by excessive visual excitement and information. In the process of coding and decoding visual message, if the origin of Chinese letterform can be well preserved, one can reveal the purest form of visual dialogue for our next generation. Communication depends on common principles -assumptions and meanings, purpose and values – but common meanings can be established only by communication and agreement† (Richard McKeon, 1998). 3. 1 The consequence of traditional and modern Chinese characters Although the unique combination of symbolic marks still exists in modern Chinese letterform, a major problem is modern fonts de sign concentrate very much on modification of geometrical shapes to relatively simple structure for the needs of digital media. Hence, we see the large gap between the combination of symbolic marks and cultural meanings obtained within. In order to sustain the unique literate and cultural traditions, we believe the co-existing of symbolic marks and geometrical structure should not be overlooked. You read "Chinese Typography Study" in category "Essay examples" Pictogram Oracle Bone script Bronze script Seal script Clerical script Regular script Cursive script Movable type Digital font ? ? Same as many western typography design, our practical guide to Chinese typography training is a combination of origin and new, involved literature review and experimental workshops. Along with our four years coaching experience gone through with the application and interpretation of philosophical notion of Chinese calligraphy emerged with theoretical, aesthetic and contextual approaches. Time Space Social Artefacts ? Literature Cultural People 3. 2 Cultural sustainability Chinese letterform composed of symbolic marks for linguistic and visual communication. It is a significant medium to connect Chinese culture and social ideologies. In this regard, we obtain Chinese typography as perfect channel to facilitate student’s creativity as well as literature and cultural knowledge. Literature Review Experimental Workshops Design for cultural awareness and sustainability. 3. 3 Teaching and learning strategy Our training method consist two main stages: 3. 3. 1 Literature review It is our essential stage to buildup theoretical and methodological brought from ancient Chinese intellects, a practical based training leading students to translate and transform the Chinese calligraphy philosophy into new visual dimensions. 3. 3. 2 Experimental workshops Another approach to learn typography is to forget about typography. By employing experimental graphic treatments, materials and imagery, we hope to further enhanced audience’s emotional and spiritual responds in reading. Through serious of experimental workshops, we facilitate students to explore and experiment new visual codes. Through our practice-based research project fused with theory and medium in all kinds, we established new aesthetic perspective and approach that manifests the fusion of cultural and functional qualities for contemporary Chinese typography design. Eventually, increase the awareness of cultural sustainability. Literature review Experimental workshops Learning process Origin ? Translate ? Transform + Learning process Explore ? Experiment To demonstrate the idea how we embrace literature and cultural knowledge as well as facilitating students’ Chinese typography creativity, our learning contents and work examples will be further discussed. Student’s examples will be show to demonstrate our academic achievements including the awarded projects in national competition. 3. Learning Contents 3. 4. 1 Fundamental Principles of Chinese Letterform Chinese calligraphy is an expression of innermost spirit of one’s well-being. Calligraphy appreciation enriches viewers experience through acknowledge of one’s expressive strokes, shapes and structure. In the past, painter and calligraphers has a common practice to developed skills begun by imitating works from great masters. The exercise shown here was intended to re visit, rethink and embrace the very fundamental principles of Chinese writing system. By respecting the origin to establish new forms, and be free to give personality to that form. Exercise: Calligraphy in practice Knowledge: principles of writing order, 8 strokes theory, 34 grid systems, origin of Chinese calligraphy, personality, express, control. Technique: structure, strokes, form, shapes, and grid. Learning process: Origin 3. 4. 2 Letterform and Chinese Philosophy Chinese Yin-yang philosophy used to describe how polar opposites or seemingly contrary forces are interconnected and interdependent in the natural world, and how they give rise to each other in turn. The Yin-yang concept is not opposing force, but complementary opposites that interact within a greater whole, as part of a dynamic system of equilibrium. Chinese typography consists of Yin-yang philosophy within. Elements of each letterform are in placed within a grid system of 34 different formats. Everything is organized in a right position of perfect balance. Yin-yan Examples of Chinese letterform ? ? ? ? ? Symmetrical Balance Asymmetrical balance Stability Visible invisible Spacing Fullness and emptiness Balance and sense of space Balance and hierarchy In this content, students were asked to learn historical knowledge of Chinese calligraphy and principles of Chinese letterform design. Through extensive exploration and experiments to develop, translate and transform the principles into modern typography design. The training is to nurture the appreciation of aesthetic quality of Chinese letterform. 3. 4. 3 Simplified type strokes and forms Although there are straight structure and format for standard characters, designers still have flexibility during actually implementation of Chinese characters (Junior school teachers may disagree with this). Since Chinese characters are the graphic representation of what we see in real world, there is no absolute right or wrong composition of letterform. In fact the development of script has reflect this flexibility: pictographs metal scriptseal script clerical script regular script, not to mention the drastic change from Traditional Chinese to Simplified. Letter strokes and composition are continuously morphing and altering over time. Historically, it is a visual game which artists play around with the forms and strokes for visual interest such as , , . Today, these hrases are still in use in our ordinary life such as paper cut, red banners for blessing; embroidery, furniture and architecture for decoration†¦ So, almost every character has its own meaning or a story to tell. The following examples demonstrated how Chinese characters can be read as graphic forms with an intentional to remove strokes and emerge two or more forms together to become new composition. Viewers are amus ed by the tricks, and enjoy the process of reading and decoding the design. And we believed that this can be a good appetizer for students to start off the feast of Chinese Typography. For this content, students were asked to play with their own Chinese names by simplifying strokes and forms. They may find it confusing in the beginning but soon discover the fun of â€Å"being wrong†. Strokes were removed deliberately but the principle is that the characters could still be read and be understood. The process includes reduce strokes ? add weight ? use counter space ? align grid ? create style. The experimental exercises show below demonstrated how students examine the equilibrium philosophy with strokes from Chinese name. Through practicing the principles as first step, several techniques were employed (Diagram 1-5). Next, students were asked to come up with a suitable idiom or phase that can well express the visual quality from previous design, finally translate and transform the visual approach and ordinary letterform to new image structure (Diagram 6). Exercise: Type structure Knowledge: structure, strokes, grid, form, shapes, space, yin-yang philosophy. Technique: eliminate elements, graphic treatment, Visible invisible space, positive negative association, counter space, form and deform, distortion, grouping, illusion, positive and negative space, fullness and emptiness, visual balance in strokes, counter-space, the subtle interchangeable black and white marks Learning process: Origin Translate Transform 3. 4. 4 Characteristics from materials Chinese characters are pictogram compose with symbolic marks of artifacts to become the foundation of our culture, however people today are often ignor e the beauty and stories behind. The beauty of such simple geometrical form revealed the culture, activities, space, sound or motion of daily life at the time. Each letterform build within a grid contained a story, a connotation or more. If Chinese characters are originally invented by our ancestor with an instinct to be survive, why can’t we create typography from ignoring everything about typography? Psychologists suggested that human being is capable of internally organizing and representing aspects of his environment, and this representation or map is subject to continuous change and revision. Each time this cognitive map is changed or reinforced that can be said to have ‘learned’. (Kerry J. McGarry, 1981). Our following exercise requires students to examine the properties of various materials and explore the possibility to create Chinese characters which convey message in both visual and language. Through the assignments, students were asked to keep repeat testing by manipulating materials. Our workshop for this particular topic consists of two stages: 1. 2. By playing with physical materials to examine and explore the possible appearances or performance Observe to discover the human physiological reaction against the experimental work Softness within hardness explores the physical property of bamboo stick Cloth ? , surround ? , penetrate ? , stand ? , Rise ? , transparent ? , roll ? The above works demonstrated our process to obtain human physiological reaction through materials. The collected information and experiments such as textual elements or visual appearance will be transformed and developed into typography that can convey a message with physiological response. Exercise: Play with materials Experiments: materials, texture, objects, etc. Techniques: flat laying, top-up, layering, reduce/destroy, add on or attach, transparent, marks or scare, positive negative space, lighting shadow, 2D or 3D, physical chemical reaction, interaction, alternation, etc. Learning process: Explore Experiment 3. 4. 5 Artefacts This is another experimental workshop attempted to challenge the functional aspect of letterforms. If Chinese characters concealed imagery of artefacts for functional communication for humane society, we doubted if this communication still serve effectively? Would this be a communication gap between ancient time and modern world? Can this problem be fixed by rediscovering the elements consisted in our present time? In this exercise, students were asked to discover their own letterform story through image capture. Students were asked to capture the expressive cultural artefacts or physical environment, with those elements found from existing place and time, a contemporary letterform is possibly formulated. Exercise: Type finding Exploration: cultural artifacts, icon, architecture, humanity, society. Technique: photography, discover, observation. Learning process: Explore Experiment 4. Type design inspired by ‘liushu’ 4. 1. Pictographic Characters ( xiangxingzi): Strokes and structure VS iconic elements and symbols Pictograph, also known as pictogram to conveys its meaning through pictorial illustration of a physical object. The forms of these Chinese characters can be linked and associated directly to the physical objects such as Horse, Fish, Sun and Moon ( ). As highly simplified graphic representation of objects, motion and stories, a scene of drama all frozen into a still frame, all these dialogue, props, lights and textures are condensed into graphic strokes. The beauty of culture is locked into the visual codes of each letterform. When we believe that Chinese characters are frozen images of drama/stories, the best way to unfreeze them is by placing them back to the physical/material world. There has no necessity to create additional visual elements if they are already out there in the real world. Perhaps all we have to do is to re-discover them again. In this exercise, students were asked to create their typeface through captured image of iconic structures and cultural artifacts of architecture, temples, street scenes, Chinese restaurant, local tea shops, road signs, ritual materials, and any thing relates to our heritage and culture. Students will then ask to identify the patterns and images until the basic visual elements can be revealed. A new letterform will be formulated and developed with those elements they found. Students were also encourage to study the pictorial origins and stories of Chinese characters, experiment to decode all underlining meanings, almost like an archaeologist interpreting the prehistoric world of life with unearthed fossils. (Left to Right) Light ? , Hole ? , Bamboo Scaffolding Light ? : It depicted the simplest form of light beam that created the strokes radiated from the center point. Hole ? : There had no stroke in the word. The form was generated with layers of corrugated boards that created the depth of a hole. Bamboo Scaffolding : The student studied thoroughly the materials and structure that construct the unique characteristics of the bamboo scaffolding. All elements were reduced to their basic forms such as the bamboo sticks, tiding strings, broken pieces, dirt and objects around the building site. Viewers could associate the visual structure of the typeface with the context of the design immediately. Left) visual elements (Right) Temple Temple : The student took a lot of photos at an old temple to grasp the detail of the ancient architectural style of Chinese buildings such as censer, stone carving lion and pagodas that reflected not only the life style of ordinary people, but also their religious beliefs. With these unique visual elements, student was able to formulate the letterform of primitive, simplicity of rich textural quality typography. 4. 2 In dicative Characters / Ideograph ( zh shizi) The indicative characters are used to express things that are abstract in meaning. They may be purely abstract symbols that indicate directions, or symbols will be added to pictographic characters to indicate abstract nature of matters. Examples are Chinese words indicating above, beneath, concave and convex. ( ) In this content, students will have to experiment with different materials with textual properties, conditions and mood to see how they can be connected to represent the meaning of Chinese characters. In the history of Chinese ainting, there is a famous saying of â€Å"One will be enlightened in inner-self if one can learn from the greater nature in one’s surrounding. † (3) It is to get rid of the computer table and go out to discover the origin and beauty of nature. (Left to Right) Trapped ? , Diffuse ? , Concave ? , look ? 4. 3 Pictophonetic compounds ( , Xingshengzi): Another category of character is a pictophonet ic compound, which is to have one component to indicate the type or meaning of word, named as radical, while the other component to indicate the pronunciation of the word. ( This increases largely the possible combination of words, and nearly 90% of Chinese words used nowadays are created as pictophonetic compounds. This category can sometimes indicate the relationship between words with the same radical, and makes classification of characters very efficient. Here is an interesting student’s experimental work for lyrics design of Chinese Opera (Cantonese Opera). Traditional Chinese music notes is embedded into the lyrics characters. Music notes become the strokes of the letterform, and the length and distance between characters indicate the rhythm of the song. The design integrates the sounds with the meaning of characters, and reveals the aesthetics of traditional Chinese calligraphy. 4. 4 Associative Characters / Logical aggregates ( , Huiyizi) Pictograph is a very effective medium of communication for indicating physical objects and visual materials, but it has its own limitation when comes to abstract concepts and ideologies. Instead of switching completely phonetic system, our ancestors created flexible manipulation of the formation of letterforms so as to enrich the complexity of Chinese and allow broad dimensions of communication. To express abstract concepts, they created the associative characters that put two or more pictographic characters together to describe an action, or something abstract. ( ) For example the character â€Å"illuminate† is the combination of two pictographs of sun and moon, which are obviously the biggest illuminating objects at that time. The character ‘? ’ is the pictographs of one man after another showing the meaning of follow / by. (Left to Right) Stack ? , Wrong ? , Sun-drying of Clothes The students’ works above show the creativity of making logical aggregates through objects and letterforms. Stack ? : by piling up a stack of corrugated boards, the form and appearance of the material associate the image with the meaning of the word ‘stack’. Wrong ? : The symmetric image of the character is created by a strong contrast of ‘black white’ colour. This also depicts the meaning of ‘right wrong’ carried by the Chinese character. ( ) Sun drying of clothes : The design captures very common street scenery in Hong Kong where people dry their laundry outside public estates. The clothes form the shape of Chinese characters. Viewers can understand the meaning of the words even they do not understand the Chinese words. 5. Pictogram with Chinese Aesthetics and Chinese Philosophy Traditional Chinese intellects enrich one’s literate spirit through practicing calligraphy and painting. It is an expression of innermost beauty of one’s integral soul of balanced lifestyle. Calligraphy enriches the intellectual capacity of viewers through appreciation of expressive quality of strokes, shapes and structure that extends to acknowledgement of one’s well being. Chinese painters spent their life to reveal their spirit and emotion through the use of ink, washes and impressionistic brushstrokes. Both components of black and white shared the same level of importance. Realism is never their aim, and sometimes the negative space is the message. Like landscape painting, masters drew their landscape freely with changeable perspectives, and white space is used to suggest distance. â€Å"The nature is an entity as ONE, and then separated into wind, rain and four seasons. The brightness and darkness, high and low, close by and far away, the peak of imitation is between alike and unlike. (Shi Tao, 1642–1718) (4) The surrealistic and impressionistic nature of Chinese arts provides a perfect laboratory for student’s exploration of Chinese typography. Below example shows how Chinese calligraphy reflects Chinese philosophy of yin-yang positive negative, fullness emptiness to works hand in hand with another significant art form carried from Chinese painting. Through the necessary process from studying literature and ideologies of the ancient time, he attempted to extract and translate those beliefs and principles into graphic rules and visual principles. The exercise offered students a good opportunity to test extensively if the rules and principles are versatile and applicable. (Left) Typographic poster of a Chinese poem (Right) Traditional Chinese Landscape Painting It is human instinct to gain knowledge from the past for the needs of improvement. When we learn that iushu is the traditional ways of creating meaningful and comprehensive characters, we start to think that may be we can employ similar principles to create new characters for things that do not exist in the past. Or maybe we can take advantage of the constructional nature of Chinese character to create new letterforms through imagination. For words or objects with more than one meaning, or with ambiguous meaning, they will lead to subjective interpretation. (Paul Rand, 1985) Nowadays young generation is so used to the ‘Martian language’ online which is a new language based on traditional Chinese. The principle of creating that language is amazingly similar to those developed from liushu. A good example is the borrowing of a long-term unused character ? for a helpless facial expression. Seemingly, the principle of character creation developed over long period of time is already embedded in our DNA and influence every move we make. In the last session, we are going to present our student’s contributions on typography design with their enthusiasm on cultural phenomenon. The essential and efficiency for adapting typography principles into contemporary of representation were successfully demonstrated. Night Street: With highly developed and sophisticated transport network in Hong Kong, paved highways and roads were built to serve the needs of busy local economy 24 hours a day. No other place would witness this unique energetic transportation, bustling bridges and highway nightlife on earth. Street lamps and vehicle lights mark the night and become the energetic strokes that reveal the scenic impression of a cosmopolitan city. (Left) Joss paper . (Right) Awful Taoist incantation Joss paper : Paper offering is a common tradition in Hong Kong during funerals, festivals and special occasions to ensure the well being of the deceased and ancestor. Joss paper, also known as ghost money, a traditional handmade paper product, which is decorated with seals, stamps, engraved designs or other motifs. The type was created by the rich texture and quality of the ritual paper products with visual elements interacting with original strokes to unfold this cultural distinctiveness in a contemporary approach. Awful Taoist incantation : The original meaning of the phrase means poor works of calligraphy that is difficult to read and understand. The design employs the traditional symbol of incantation and combines it with new online languages used by youngster nowadays. This is a good example showing the potential of bringing new life to our tradition especially when we know that we are sharing the common language with our ancestors. (Left) Chinese Input Method (Right) Rock’N roll against the organizational system Chinese Input Method : In modern digital world, unlike using roman alphabets, Chinese have to type in characters with different input methods (Cangjie, Pinyin, Jianyi) They are dictated by the keyboard format and the graphic form of characters, both of which are unrelated to the original meaning of the characters. This design challenges the idea by creating the letterforms with keyboard radicals, and the results are semireadable, between alike and unlike. Rock’N roll against the organizational system : All Chinese characters are the results of different composition with 8 basic strokes. This provides the possibility to decompose and recompose the strokes to generate new letterforms. This design decomposes the strokes of the words ‘organizational system’ and recomposed into ‘Rock Roll’ in Chinese, so as to demonstrate the conflicts between the two forces. (Left) Suppression in Childhood Right) Fourth of June Suppression in Childhood : The big rectangular shape in Chinese character always conveys the meaning of trap, surround and block. The design employs this symbol as a metaphor of suppression in childhood where all letters written by the child is surrounded and blocked, no matter they are about study, games, toys, friends, examination, dreams, and etc. Fo urth of June : The design makes good use of the characteristic of Chinese characters that the combination of strokes is quite flexible and sometimes could be quite ambiguous. The words of ‘Six’ and ‘Four’ are mixed with ‘Patriotism’ and ‘Riot’ intentionally to post a question â€Å"Is 4th of June an patriotic action or a riot? † 6. Conclusion If we see typography as a powerful tool of visual communication, the unique visual quality of Chinese typography could definitely empower the creativity of designers, and enrich the communicative value of text. Typography can do a lot more than just providing a comfortable and legible platform for message delivery. By creative manipulation of Chinese character, viewers can firstly look at the visuals at textual material, and then look through the visuals to discover the underlying concepts embedded inside with the clever correlation with culture and information. It can prepare readers by setting the right context and atmosphere, and enhance the meaning and impact of message. We have described our complete approach for Chinese typography training. Our philosophy of Chinese typography training has been proven effective to facilitate heritage concept and necessary information in typography design. Image and text are the two major lements in visual communication. For Chinese typography, letterform composes both elements in an entity. With this unique communication quality, Chinese typography is a perfect medium to bridge the traditional Chinese cultural to the modern world of communication. Although it is no easy task for young generation to understand the knowledge in full, with our enthusiastic t o embrace heritage and creativity into Chinese typography, students gradually develop and grow themselves from aesthetic appreciation and eventually sustain the cultural identity for Hong Kong. Footnotes: 1. Kaogong ji sometimes translated as Book of Diverse Crafts, is a classic work on science and technology in Ancient China, compiled towards the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. 2. Being pictographs, the graphic forms of characters are good for story telling and readers can â€Å"guess† the meaning of words by simply looking into the graphic forms. However Simplified Chinese Style drastically reduced total number of characters by combining words of similar pronunciation, and simplified the letterform by removing strokes, but the characters lost the quality of storytelling because they are not longer pictographs. . , ( ) 4. , , ( , 1642–1718) References Richard McKeon (1998) Selected Writings of Richard McKeon, Vol. 1, Philosophy, Science and Culture. McKeon, Zahava K. , and William G. Swenson, eds. University of Chicago Press. Kerry J. McGarry, (1981) The Changing Context of Information: An Introductory Analysis. Clive Bingley. Paul Rand (1985) A Designer’s Art, Yale University Press. How to cite Chinese Typography Study, Essay examples

Six Tips for Repurposing Your Copy

SIX TIPS FOR REPURPOSING YOUR COPY By Tom Schek Creating a steady stream of informative, engaging materials to fuel a content marketing program takes a great deal of time and effort. However, you can get more out of that resource investment by repurposing content. Some observers might consider that â€Å"cheating,† and if you simply swap out a few words or rewrite a few sentences and call the piece â€Å"new,† that characterization seems accurate. However, with a little creativity and effort, you can find many legitimate ways to extend the life, and the value, of your content. Refreshed and Ready Business changes rapidly. A piece you wrote a few years back may now seem outdated. Don’t pull it from your content inventory. Instead, update your copy and include a new introduction explaining what has transpired since you created the original item. For example, you can add details on new features to a product review, the latest best practices to a previous list, updated stats to a case study, etc. Now you have a piece that provides both current information and a fascinating look back, and you have produced it in a fraction of the time required to develop the original. Divide and Conquerï » ¿ White papers, case studies and other long-form content typically contain elements that can be used as standalone pieces or combined with others. Testimonials from a case study can find a broader audience when prominently displayed on your website. Flowcharts, photos and other visual elements can be incorporated into an infographic. There may be ideas or statem ents in text passages that would work well as the basis of a blog post. Compelling Compilations The flip side of the divide and conquer approach is to assemble a larger work out of multiple small ones. As the saying goes, you will often find that the whole is greater (i.e. more impactful) than the sum of its parts. Look for concepts that are repeated in the content you produce and use them as a foundation for combining previously separate pieces. A Tip of the Hat Mentioning that some of the information in a new piece originated in an older one serves as a great way to pull the original item back into the spotlight, giving it new life. On Second Thought In the same way that business practices and technology change, your perspective on a topic around which you previously created materials might evolve as well. Explaining your change of heart not only lets you blow the dust off an old piece, it earns you points for being honest. Changing Channels Every few years, a new social m edia platform springs up Instagram and SlideShare are a few relatively recent examples. Often, items you created in some other format would be a perfect fit for the new medium with only a small amount of â€Å"retrofitting.† Your marketing content, like any valuable asset your company possesses, should be utilized to its fullest. While you don’t want to overuse your materials, making pieces available to new audiences in new ways is not only acceptable, it’s smart business.